Integration Integration of Smart Farming Technology and Agroforestry as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy to Strengthen Food Security of Coffee Farmer Households in Indonesia

Abstract

Climate change threatens the sustainability of coffee production in Indonesia, which is predominantly cultivated by smallholder farmers in rural areas. Agroforestry systems have proven effective as an adaptation strategy, while smart farming technologies offer potential for increased productivity and efficiency. This article examines the existing conditions of agroforestry implementation, smart farming technology adoption, food security levels of coffee farmer households, and the impacts of climate change on coffee farming productivity and income in Indonesia. Based on a systematic literature review, this study also identifies the potential and challenges of integrating smart farming into coffee agroforestry systems as a climate change adaptation strategy. The findings indicate that coffee agroforestry has been widely implemented with various patterns; however, smart farming technology adoption remains low due to infrastructure limitations, capital constraints, and limited farmer capacity. Food security among coffee farmer households varies across regions, with some farmers still facing food insecurity. Climate change has had tangible impacts on productivity and farmer income through changes in rainfall patterns and temperature increases. The integration of smart farming into agroforestry offers substantial opportunities through resource optimization and data-driven decision-making, yet faces significant challenges related to technology access, system complexity, and supportive policies. This study recommends the development of contextual integration models and comprehensive agricultural innovation support systems to accelerate technology adoption and strengthen coffee farmers' food security.